Achilles Tendon Pain

Archive for the ‘Achilles Tendonitis Injury’ Category

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Back problems come in many different types, including herniated or slipped disc, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, degenerative disc disease, and problems caused by weak muscles. This article will give you an idea of what different types of tests are available and how your doctor will determine the source of your back pain.  What you are about to read is the culmination of information from many different places and resources.

Before your doctor can diagnose your condition and create a treatment strategy, a complete profile and physical exam are needed. This will give your physician a better idea of the reason for your condition. Then appropriate diagnostic tests may be recommended.

Complete History

Your doctor will want to get an account of your condition. While you are waiting to see the physician you may start by filling out a printed form. Your problem will be easier to diagnose, the more information you share with your physician; so take time to think about everything that relates to your pain and write it down. A physical history can give your physician insight into your lifestyle, when the pain began,physical factors that might be causing pain, something that could have caused an injury, and any family history of similar problems.

After reading through your written history, your physician will ask more questions that connect to the information you have given. Your physician may want to know:

If and where you are feeing deadness or weakness
If the pain radiates to other parts of your body
About any current weight loss, fever, or illness
Where you are feeling pain and how intense it is
If you have had an injury
If you’ve had troubles with your bladder or bowels
Whether you have had this problem or something like it before
What factors make the pain feel better or poorer

Physical Exam

After taking your history, your doctor will give you a physical exam. This allows the physician to to determine the source of your trouble and try to rule out probable causes of pain. The areas of your body that will be examined depend upon where you are experiencing pain: lower back, legs, neck, arms, etc.

Motion of Your Spine – Is there pain when you bend, move or twist? If so, where? Have you lost some flexibility?

Reflex Changes – Your tendon reflexes might be tested, such as below the kneecap and behind the ankle in the Achilles tendon

Motor Skills – You might be asked to stagger on your heels or toes.
Sensory Changes – Can you feel certain sensations in detail areas of the feet or hands?

Weakness -Your muscles will be tested for power. You might be asked to try to elevate or push  your arm, hand, or leg when light resistance is put against them.

Pain – The physician may try to determine if you have tenderness of certain areas.

Special Signs – Your physician will also confirm for any “red flags” that could designate something other than spinal/vertebrae problems. Some indications of other problems include tenderness in certain areas, a fever, an abnormal pulse, frequent steroid use (leads to injury of bone mass), or fast weight loss.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic tests may be required in order to spot your condition. Tests are chosen based on what your physician suspects is causing the trouble.

Bone Scan
CT Scan
Discogram
EMG
Facet Joint Block
Lab Test
MRI
Myelogram
Spinal Tap
SSEP
X-ray

Each one of these tests will be covered in further depth in upcoming articles. We have come to the end of my informational article. It’s now your job to take this information and do something with it. Good luck and good health!

Bursitis is uncomfortable inflammation or irritation of the bursa. The bursa is a flexible sac filled with fluid that covers and cushions the movement between bones, tendons and muscles near joints. Bursitis can develop due to an injury, infection, chronic overuse of a joint, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout.

General Bursitis Symptoms:

Individuals troubled from bursitis usually feel pain and tenderness around the impacted joint or tendon. The bursae sacs may expand making movement of the affected joint problematic. The joints most commonly disturbed by bursitis are: *shoulder *elbow *wrist *hand *knee *foot

Here we will discuss symptoms of different kind of bursitis:

Shoulder Bursitis:

The subdeltoid bursa sets apart the supraspinatus tendon from the top layer of bone and deltoid muscle. When this bursa gets swollen due to an injury, it causes pain in the side or front portion of the shoulder.

Symptoms of Shoulder Bursitis:

Restrained mobility Localized tenderness Redness and bulging in affected areas Increased pain at night

Elbow Bursitis:

One of the most frequent types of bursitis is Elbow Bursitis (Olecranon bursitis). This bursitis is induced by the inflammation of bursa in the elbow region. The elbow is vulnerable to bursitis as a result of recurring exposure to direct trauma or frequent motions from twisting and extending the elbow.

Symptoms of Elbow Bursitis:

discomfort around the back of the elbow Inflammation directly over the bony prominence of the tip of the elbow Slightly limited motion of the elbow

Knee Bursitis:

Kneecap (prepatellar) bursitis takes place on the front portion of the kneecap. This is usually affiliated with either chronic trauma or an acute strike to the knee.

Symptoms of Knee Bursitis:

Swelling on the kneecap may occur as late as 7-10 days after a single blow to the location. considerable pain when kneeling inflexibility and pain with walking.

Ankle Bursitis:

Ankle bursitis (Retrocalcaneal bursitis) comes about when the bursa close to the Achilles tendon in the ankle becomes inflamed. This bursitis is generally caused by wearing incorrectly designed shoes (often high heels) or continuous walking. It is common in young athletes, ice skaters, and women that routinely wear high heels.

I’m a 44 year old, full on “weekend warrior” and i have recently discovered that I have Gout. I am recovering after having Achilles tendon surgery six months ago. It was a rather bad, complete rupture I managed to inflict on myself during bouts of extremely intensive training. Not satisfied initially that it was an Achilles tear I continued on in absolute agony, to train again the following weekend. (left leg was black below the knee and could hardly bear any weight). Finally I went for an MRI scan, and yes it was confirmed as a complete rupture, “oh and by the way, there’s a bit of arthritis in your ankle, but nothing to worry about”. Anyway, the recovery was hampered by a nasty infection to the surgery wound, for which I was taking antibiotics (3 different types) for months.

So the outcome, I’ve since learned, is that combining the initial ankle trauma, the Achilles surgery, the months of immobility, along with the copious amounts of antibiotics, which also caused the Candida I have suffered with for years to flare up, made me The Number One Candidate to Get Gout. Analysis of my diet and drinking habits upon further investigation into Why me? revealed still more reasons that I Got Gout!

Furthermore, I told my father back in England (I live in Australia), about my condition. His reply was to inform me that he had been taking medication for years to help with his rheumatoid arthritis (same family or what?). So to top off my list of ’self inflicted’ causes I now had an hereditary reason that I was bound to be a gout victim. Thanks!

I had been limping around for almost 6 months, thinking that the symptoms I was experiencing were just normal, post Achilles surgery reactions. Lack of mobility, swelling, aches and pains etc.

I decided that I needed some help so I went to see my doctor and he diagnosed the Gout problem and dutifully prescribed Allopurinol and Colchicine, but thankfully with some wise words of advice…..”You don’t want to be taking these for too long, have a look for more natural alternatives”. I took his advice and immediately set about researching Gout, its causes and more importantly, what Gout treatment choices were available.

The first thing I did was to look up “Colchicine” and here’s the rather disturbing explanation I found,

Colchicine – a poisonous extract of autumn crocus plants.

Use – to inhibit cell division and cause chromosome doubling in plants, to treat gout.

Well that was enough for me, I decided then and there that I was going to investigate the facts about gout and gout treatment in order to find another way to treat myself, alternative or otherwise. Here’s the basis of what I found out.

Gout is a very painful form of arthritis, which occurs when there is an excessive build up of uric acid in the body (hyperuricemia). When this buildup of uric acid is overly elevated it can accumulate in the joints throughout the body as sharp urate crystals.

These urate crystals may be present in the joint for a long time without causing symptoms, but can often lead to pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected areas. Infection, injury to the joint, surgery, drinking too much alcohol, or eating the wrong kinds of foods may suddenly bring on the symptoms.

More people than ever these days seem to be suffering fromgout. It will affect around 1-2% of the Western population at some point in their lives.Gout affects an estimated one million Americans, most commonly men (800,000 men versus 200,000 women). Men tend to develop gout in their late 30s or early 40s. Women more typically develop gout later in life, starting in their 60s.

The elevated levels of uric acid and subsequent increase in the incidence of gout are believed to be due to the increase in a number of risk factors in our modern society. These include metabolic syndrome, longer life expectancy and changes in diet. Gout was historically known as “the disease of kings” or “rich man’s disease”, due to the fact that the diet of these people included many of those foods with high levels of purines (purines raise levels of uric acid).

Many people prefer to tackle their Gout problem by utilizing more natural treatment protocols, which address the actual cause of the Gout rather than merely masking the symptoms (pain and swelling).

To even become aware that there are ‘alternative’ treatment options when looking for a Gout remedy is in itself empowering. Lowering the level of uric acid in the body is the primary issue. Dietary changes, re-hydration, simple mobilization techniques, along with a gentle increase in exercise, will combine to bring about huge improvements in your condition.

These changes will also affect the ph level in your body, making your body more alkaline, ideally around 7.35 on an acid(1), alkaline(14) scale. This in itself will have an enormous effect on your general well-being, whilst giving a huge boost to your immune system. Uric acid is more easily dissolved and ultimately excreted from a body that has a higher ph ratio.

Adequate hydration is essential, not only for helping your body to dilute harmful uric acid, but also to help dissolve and excrete the harmful urate crystals. For the overall benefits to your health, drinking good quality filtered water regularly throughout the day should become second nature, not waiting until you feel thirsty to have a drink. The general guidelines are to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day, although this will need to be adjusted depending on your environment and activity level.

A daily regimen of active and passive joint mobilization exercises will also help to get the circulation flowing by moving the ’stagnant’ energy. By adopting this approach you will help your body to dislodge the urate crystals that have built up. This kind of gentle stimulation is similar in essence to hatha yoga, but instead, focusing on the joints rather than stretching muscles, ligaments and tendons.

This is just the beginning of my quest to finding the right Gout Treatment for me. The improvement in my condition has been great. I’m more active and mobile, especially noticeable first thing in the morning – no more hobbling like a crippled old man to get to the bathroom!

This will be an ongoing process for me as there are so many Gout Products available and there is always something new to learn.

 

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Recommendations for pre-event training preparation: Marathon Des Stables
Paul is a 41 year old male competitive 10km runner; weighing at 80kg and 1.8m in height. In his late 20’s to early 30’s he was a county level runner and was within the top 50 10km runners in the UK. Nowadays he is more of a social runner; taking part in local events and attends football matches.
Paul has wanted to compete within the Marathon Des Stables for a number of years now, and has been on the waiting list for 2 years. Within the 2 year waiting period Paul has been training 5/6 days per week and has participated in challenging half marathon and full marathon events, such as ‘Hellrunner’.
The Marathon Des Stables is an ultra-endurance event which lasts for 6 days and approximately 151miles of competitive running. The location is in the extreme conditions of the Sahara Desert, where the average daily temperature is around 37 degrees & with a maximum of 50 degrees. What makes this event so unique is that the competitors have to carry their own equipment such as food and clothing (tents are provided at the end of each stage). Strict rules and regulations are enforced throughout the event, such as minimum amounts of water and calorie consumption. There are stages for water where the runners must consume a minimum amount of water; this is around 9 litres per day and 22.5 litres on the ‘non-stop’ stage where the runners continue through the night, completing 45-50miles. The minimum amount of calories a runner has to carry per day is 1500; however the average calorie consumption is a much higher 3000-4000kcal. If the participant doesn’t carry the minimum amount then they will pay with a time penalty.
In 2009 there were 228 British competitors, of which 12 did not finish. Paul has been waiting to compete in this even for 2 years and has been training hard however he needs additional support to help him acclimatise to the extreme conditions he will face, as he only has two days in Morocco before the race. Previous injuries must be taken into account, and it is noted that Paul has an injury history with his Achilles tendon. He has been doing strength exercises to help stabilise and build the tendon, but more precautions need to be taken as neither he nor his body has ever attempted such a challenging event.
The conditions will be extreme with the temperatures at 37 to 50 degrees; direct sunlight (from both above and reflected heat radiation reflected off the sand) will also cause Paul problems. One of the biggest issues he will face however is the sand and terrain he will be running on. Sand is a concern for the strain on Pauls Achilles, not only will he have blisters but because sand is not a stable surface his ankle will be under pressure to stabilise and keep him balanced when running. In order to avoid the positional risk of injury it is advisable that Paul wears an ankle brace/ strap to help support his running on the uneven ground.
The biggest factor however will be the climate at which Paul will be running in, and unfortunately he will not have enough time to acclimatise to the environment. Therefore Paul needs to train as close to the environmental conditions as possible while in the UK; a number of recommendations that Paul can use is to train in an environmentally controlled room, whereby he can train in the temperatures and humidity of the environment he will be participating in. This will give him the advantage of allowing himself to acclimatise to the environment and improve his VOâ‚‚ max. His temperature can be measured in either two ways. For a more accurate reading Paul can use a Digestible Core Temperature Sensor Pill; this pill is a very accurate measurement of any core temperature as it gets closer readings from the heart as it passes through the digestive system. Therefore it will provide Paul with accurate readings and targets which he needs to achieve to be able to sustain the conditions in Morocco. An alternative way of measuring Paul’s body temperature is through using sensors which attach to him during exercise. These sensors take the readings of the limbs, chest and core; once the readings have been recorded, by using the simple calculation for the Mean Skin Temperature (by Ramanathan 1964) = (0.3 thigh) + (0.2 shin) + (0.3 chest) + (0.2 arm)
From this calculation Paul can find his mean skin temperature and control it through the digestion of fluids i.e. water during exercise. If he over heats then he could suffer from heatstroke and be in a serious condition.
Through endurance running, the muscle fibres adapt to help with the running economy of the athlete. Therefore an important recommendation for Paul would be to train while wearing his itinerary. This will prevent overstressing the muscles when participating in the event and therefore decrease the chances of injuring himself because he hasn’t adapted to the conditions he will be competing in. This will also help to strengthen his Achilles and improve his VOâ‚‚ max for the event. It is found that in previous experiments, athletes who overloaded on their fluid consumption to maintain adequate body weight will perform better when under such conditions faced in the Marathon Des Stables and provided Paul maintains the correct calorie consumption of 3000 to 4000kcals per day then he should have sufficient energy and hydration levels to finish. Paul needs to make sure he consumes 9 litres of water minimum per day, but must ensure he tries to overload on fluid consumption as although the exercise energy expenditure will be greater than calorie consumption if Paul maintains his bodyweight through this technique then he should complete the marathon. If possible he should try to keep his core temperature down by pouring water on his face, as the evaporation will help cool his skin and core temperature, helping him to improve his performance.

References

RAMANATHAN, L.N. (1964) A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. Journal of applied physiology,19, 531-534

BONACCI, Jason; CHAPMAN, Andrew; BLANCH, Peter; VICENZO, Bill (2009) Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training, Injury and Passive Interventions: Implications for Running. Sports Medicine, Volume 39, pp.903-921(19)

Beth W. Glace, MS, Christine A. Murphy, PAC and Malachy P. McHugh, PhD (2002) Food Intake and Electroyte Status of Ultramarathon Competing in Extreme Heat. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Volume 21, No. 6, pg 553-559. [online]. American College of Nutrition.

England head coach Steve McNamara paid tribute to Luke Robinson and Stuart Fielden after they agreed to make personal sacrifices for their country.

Uncapped Huddersfield scrum-half Robinson opted to postpone his wedding in Cyprus after being called into McNamara’s 24-man squad for the Four Nations trip to New Zealand and Australia.

“They are both making decisions in terms of their overall lives and I couldn’t be more pleased,” McNamara said. “I’ve been delighted by their form.

“Stuart has got a huge desire to get back into the England set-up and perform well. He is going to be leaving his first child a day or two after the birth and so it’s a huge commitment but he never flinched.

“The door was never shut if he applied himself and did the right things. He’s had some dark days but his form has been very consistent throughout this season.

“He has certainly got some points to prove but his enthusiasm and desire to play for England is the thing that really stands out.”

Robinson, one of seven uncapped players in the squad, who will also miss his stag party to be with England, never gave up hope of making the Four Nations squad and did not hesitate to put off his wedding plans.

Wales V England Hospitality

“I feel I’ve played consistently all year and it was at the back of my mind that I might get picked,” he said.

“My mother-in-law kept saying to me your wedding is going ahead at the same time as the trip but me and my partner said we’d cross that bridge when we come to it.

Robinson is one of six players from Huddersfield, who have the biggest representation in a squad which will be led by Warrington prop Adrian Morley.

“It’s a great achievement for the club and shows the way the club has been going over the past two seasons,” he said.

Robinson will be joined on Friday’s flight by half-back partner Kevin Brown, uncapped duo Shaun Lunt and Leroy Cudjoe and front-row forwards Darrell Griffin and Eorl Crabtree.

Huddersfield chairman Ken Davy said: “It is a fantastic day for us without doubt. We often talk about the year-on-year progression that the Giants are making and this is absolutely concrete evidence of that fact.

The club representation in McNamara’s squad makes fascinating comparison with the 2008 World Cup touring party. Leeds and St Helens had 15 players on that trip but this time can boast just three.

Leeds’ only selection is winger Ryan Hall after captain Kevin Sinfield was ruled out with an Achilles tendon injury that requires surgery, joining Jamie Peacock and Danny McGuire on the sidelines.

Among the notable players omitted from the train-on squad were Hull KR winger Peter Fox and Warrington scrum-half Richie Myler, who failed to press their claims in Sunday’s 18-18 draw with Cumbria in Whitehaven.

Morley, who has twice stepped in as captain in Peacock’s absence, said: “It feels absolutely incredible.I’ve been lucky to captain Great Britain and England in one-off games but to lead a touring side is fantastic. It will be the highlight of my career without a doubt.”

“I’m excited about the blend and mix we’ve got available,” said McNamara. “I can’t wait for the tournament to start. We’ve going across to have one of the best five weeks of our lives and hopefully come back successful.”

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Start the Reds last Friday’s second voluntary mini camp, which with their newly drafted rookie free agent and older some of them new to have been equally good signed.We ‘local employees more time to talk about what is looking for weeks roll but we always want to keep sharp in the eyes of the rest of the NFL. 23 teams in last weekend’s rookie training camp of some small sort or individually or all squad.Here, some key and lowlights from coast to coast, starting in the Central Plains: Holy. Louis: Sam Bradford, the overall number one pick, participated in the Rams’ quarterback turned his head position. In Oklahoma, two years of shoulder injury in his point of his past, but the ram his right to work.

They did not limit his throws. “No, not at all,” coach  Manalo said. “I think this is the structure of the first was only because of the time about every 2 to 3 times sales representative how. Therefore, he concluded a couple more throws than the other players, but this is just usually how we do this. “ram also under his exclusive center. Bradford most of the team is Oklahoma.Bradford shotgun said he was “definitely a little nervous”, after last season played so carefully, because shoulder surgery. “Arm feels great. This is not tired,” he said.Another added: Bradford with fellow rookie, Luojiesafu Gould, he may begin to properly handle the weekend, a single room.

Always good friends to the big guys.PITTSBURGH: Steelers second-round draft pick two years ago, used to receive Limasisi Wade, out of 7 so far to capture him. Sweed ended on injured reserve last year, an unknown disease, it was reported he had an Achilles tendon injury depression.Now on crutches to leave Sunday Steelers’ facilities. The transaction Santonio Holmes, Pittsburgh Steelers can use the receiver in a small youth, but Sweed seems less and less them.DETROIT answer: Lions Rookie Jahvid want to give them some pop in the Buck, but now they have not named any starters.Holdovers Kevin Smith and Maurice Morris will compete for playing time, but Smith came to the end of the Achilles tendon tear suffered last season. “There is a run of the Committee,” Best said. “I just want my part.” Cavaliers: Brown ‘first choice, Cornerback Joe Haden said he was willing to wait and learn, rather than a claim to be a gamble to work. “

Did not think I will start thinking that they intend to put me on where they need me to help the Brown,” he said.Colt McCoy is a list of four Brown and rookie quarterback, as expected, but very happy there. “I can not in a better place. I do not see that they have a better situation,” he said, the acquisition start is the old name of Jack Delhomme, who is closer to the end of his career than the beginning. Seneca Wallace and Brown also have Brett Ratliff.DALLAS: No. 1 selection in the Kobe tweaking Fernandez, lack of exercise ankle height adjustment, which is to be expected, because he is in Oklahoma only three games, the pause the game before the season, breaking the NCAA receives lying when to give it a investigation.NY giant: mixed. Jason Pierre-Paul defense, their No. 1 pick, winding back the rapid growth and the problem did not let any explosive show him his position.

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Types of avulsions

Ear

Eyelid

Nail

Nerve (brachial plexus)

Skin

Tooth

Surgical

Ear avulsions

The ear is particularly vulnerable to avulsion injuries due to its exposed position on the side of the head. The most common cause of these injuries is human bites, followed by falls, motor vehicle accidents, and dog bites. A partially avulsed ear can be reattached through suturing or microvascular surgery, depending on the severity of the injury. Microvascular surgery can also be used to reattach a completely avulsed ear, but its success rate is lower because of the need for venous drainage. The ear can also be reconstructed with cartilage and skin grafts.

Eyelid avulsions

This is an uncommon injury that can be caused by motor vehicle accidents, dog bites, or human bites. Eyelid avulsions are repaired by suturing after a CT scan is performed to determine where damage to the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the eyelid has occurred. More severe injuries require reconstruction, however, this usually results in some loss of function and subsequent surgeries may be necessary to improve structure and function. Microvascular surgery is another method of repair but used rarely. Sometimes botulinum toxin is injected into the eyelid to paralyse the muscles while the eyelid heals.

Traumatic nail avulsions

Trauma to the nail can cause the nail plate to be torn from the nail bed. Unlike other types of avulsion, when a nail is lost, it is not reattached. Following the loss of the nail, the nail bed forms a germinal layer which hardens as the cells acquire keratin and becomes a new nail. Until this layer has formed, the exposed nail bed is highly sensitive and should be covered with a non-adherent dressing, as an ordinary dressing will stick to the nail bed and cause extreme pain upon removal. In the average person, fingernails require 3 to 6 months to regrow completely, while toenails require 12 to 18 months.

Brachial plexus avulsions

In this type of injury, the brachial plexus (a bundle of nerves that sends signals from the spine to the arms, shoulders, and hands) is torn from its attachment to the spine. One common cause of this injury is when a baby’s shoulders rotate in the birth canal during delivery and cause the brachial plexus to stretch and tear. It occurs in 1-2 out of every 1,000 births. Shoulder trauma during motor vehicle accidents is another common cause. Detachment of the nerves causes pain and loss of function in the arms, shoulders, and hands. Neuropathic pain can be treated with medication, but function can only be restored through surgical reattachment or nerve grafts. For intractable pain, a procedure called dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning is effective.

Skin avulsions

The most common avulsion injury, skin avulsions usually occur during motor vehicle accidents. The severity ranges from skin flaps (minor) to degloving (moderate) and amputation of a finger or limb (severe). Suprafascial avulsions are those in which the depth of the removed skin reaches the subcutaneous tissue layer. Subfascial avulsions are those deeper than the subcutaneous layer. Small suprafascial avulsions can be repaired by suturing, but most avulsions require skin grafts or reconstructive surgery.

Tooth avulsions

A tooth completely or partially (such that the dental pulp is exposed) detached from its socket is avulsed. Secondary (permanent) teeth can be replaced and stabilised by a dentist. Primary (baby) teeth are not replaced because they tend to become infected and to interfere with the growth of the secondary teeth. A completely avulsed tooth that is replaced within one hour of the injury can be permanently retained. The long-term retention rate decreases as the time that the tooth is detached increases, and eventually root resorption makes replacement of the tooth impossible. To minimise damage to the root, the tooth should be kept in milk or sterile saline while it is outside of the mouth.

Surgical avulsions

An avulsion is sometimes performed surgically to relieve symptoms of a disorder or prevent a chronic condition from recurring. Small incision avulsion (also called ambulatory phlebectomy) is used to remove varicose veins from the legs in disorders such as Chronic venous insufficiency. A nail avulsion is performed to remove all or part of a chronic ingrown nail. Facial nerve avulsion is used to treat the involuntary twitching in Benign Essential Blepharospasm. However, it often requires additional surgeries to retain function and botulinum toxin injections have proved to be a more effective treatment with fewer complications.

See also

Physical trauma

Plastic surgery

Skin grafting

References

^ a b Davison, S. P., & Bosley, B. N. (2008). Ear, Reconstruction and Salvage. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ Nahai, F., Hayhurst, J. W., & Salibian, A. H. (1978, July). Microvascular surgery in avulsive trauma to the external ear. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 5(3), 423-426.

^ Fleming, J. P., & Cotlar, S. W. (1979, July). Successful reattachment of an almost totally avulsed ear: Use of the fluorescein test. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 64, 94-96.

^ Pennington, D. G., Lai, M. F., & Pelly, A.D. (1980, June). Successful replantation of a completely avulsed ear by microvascular anastomosis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 65(6), 820-823.

^ Tanaka, Y., & Tajima, S. (1989, October). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 84(4), 665-668.

^ Talbi, M., Stussi, J. D., & Meley, M. Microsurgical replantation of a totally amputated ear without venous repair. (2001, August). Journal Of Reconstructive Microsurgery, 17(6), 417-420.

^ a b Saad Ibrahim, S. M., Zidan, A., & Madani, S. (2008). Totally avulsed ear: New technique of immediate ear reconstruction. Journal Of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 61, S29-36.

^ O’Toole, G., Bhatti, K., & Masood, S. (2008). Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis. Journal Of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 61(3), 326-329.

^ Goldberg, S.H., Bullock, J.D., & Connelly, P.J. (1992). Eyelid avulsion: A clinical and experimental study. Ophthalmic Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery, 8(4), 256-261.

^ a b c Huerva, V., Mateo, A.J., & Espinet, R. (2008, January). Isolated medial rectus muscle rupture after a traffic accident. Strabismus, 16(1), 33-37.

^ a b Avram, D.R., Hurwitz, J.J., & Kratky, V. (1991, October). Dog and human bites of the eyelid repaired with retrieved autogenous tissue. Canadian Journal Of Ophthalmology, 26(6), 334-337.

^ a b Soueid, N.E., & Khoobehi, K. (2006, January). Microsurgical replantation of total upper eyelid avulsion. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 56(1), 99-102.

^ deSousa, J.L., Leibovitch, I., Malhotra, R., O’Donnell, B., Sullivan, T., & Selva, D. (2007, December). Techniques and outcomes of total upper and lower eyelid reconstruction. Archives of Ophthalmology, 125(12), 1601-1609.

^ Nail Avulsions

^ Rischer, C.E., & Easton, T.A. (1995). Focus on human biology (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.

^ National Center for Emergency Medicine Informatics. Nail Off. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from .

^ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies Information Page. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Erb’s Palsy (Brachial Plexus Birth Injury). Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ a b c Binder, D. K., Lu, D. C., & Barbaro, N. M. (2005, October). Multiple root avulsions from the brachial plexus. Neurosurgical Focus, 19(3).

^ a b Jeng, S.F., & Wei, F.C. (1997, May). Classification and reconstructive options in foot plantar skin avulsion injuries. Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery, 99(6), 1695-1703.

^ a b c d e Merck Manual Online. Fractured and Avulsed Teeth. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ Kidd, P. S., Sturt, P. A., & Fultz, J. (2000). Mosby’s emergency nursing reference (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.

^ Society for Vascular Surgery. VascularWeb: Chronic Venous Insufficiency. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Ingrown Toenail. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from .

^ a b McCord, C.D. Jr., Coles, W.H., Shore, J.W., Spector, R., & Putnam, J.R. (1984, February). Treatment of essential blepharospasm: Comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedure. Archives Of Ophthalmology, 102(2), 266-268.

^ a b Grandas, F., Elston, J., Quinn, N., & Marsden, C.D. (1988, June). Blepharospasm: A review of 264 patients. Journal Of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51(6), 767-772.

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Injuries, other than fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains (S00-T14, 850-929)

Head (head injury) and neck

Traumatic brain injury (Concussion, Diffuse axonal injury, Cerebral contusion, Epidural hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Subarachnoid hemorrhage)

Facial trauma (Black eye   Eye injury)

Thorax (chest trauma)

lung: pleural disease (Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, Hemopneumothorax)   Pulmonary contusion   Pulmonary laceration

heart and circulatory: Cardiac tamponade   Commotio cordis   Hemopericardium   Traumatic aortic rupture

Abdomen, lower back,

lumbar spine and pelvis

Ruptured spleen   Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

Shoulder and upper arm

Rotator cuff tear

Knee and leg

Achilles tendon rupture

General

Spinal cord injury   Brachial plexus lesion

Abrasion   Amputation   Avulsion   Bite   Blister   Bruise   Burn   Hematoma

Wound

Categories: Injuries | Medical emergencies